<?php /** * Used to set up and fix common variables and include * the WordPress procedural and class library. * * Allows for some configuration in wp-config.php (see default-constants.php) * * @package WordPress */ /** * Stores the location of the WordPress directory of functions, classes, and core content. * * @since 1.0.0 */ define( 'WPINC', 'wp-includes' ); /** * Version information for the current WordPress release. * * These can't be directly globalized in version.php. When updating, * include version.php from another installation and don't override * these values if already set. * * @global string $wp_version The WordPress version string. * @global int $wp_db_version WordPress database version. * @global string $tinymce_version TinyMCE version. * @global string $required_php_version The required PHP version string. * @global string $required_mysql_version The required MySQL version string. * @global string $wp_local_package Locale code of the package. */ global $wp_version, $wp_db_version, $tinymce_version, $required_php_version, $required_mysql_version, $wp_local_package; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/version.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/compat.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/load.php'; // Check for the required PHP version and for the MySQL extension or a database drop-in. wp_check_php_mysql_versions(); // Include files required for initialization. require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-paused-extensions-storage.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-fatal-error-handler.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-recovery-mode-cookie-service.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-recovery-mode-key-service.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-recovery-mode-link-service.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-recovery-mode-email-service.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-recovery-mode.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/error-protection.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/default-constants.php'; require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/plugin.php'; /** * If not already configured, `$blog_id` will default to 1 in a single site * configuration. In multisite, it will be overridden by default in ms-settings.php. * * @since 2.0.0 * * @global int $blog_id */ global $blog_id; // Set initial default constants including WP_MEMORY_LIMIT, WP_MAX_MEMORY_LIMIT, WP_DEBUG, SCRIPT_DEBUG, WP_CONTENT_DIR and WP_CACHE. wp_initial_constants(); // Register the shutdown handler for fatal errors as soon as possible. wp_register_fatal_error_handler(); // WordPress calculates offsets from UTC. // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DateTime.RestrictedFunctions.timezone_change_date_default_timezone_set date_default_timezone_set( 'UTC' ); // Standardize $_SERVER variables across setups. wp_fix_server_vars(); // Check if the site is in maintenance mode. wp_maintenance(); // Start loading timer. timer_start(); // Check if WP_DEBUG mode is enabled. wp_debug_mode(); /** * Filters whether to enable loading of the advanced-cache.php drop-in. * * This filter runs before it can be used by plugins. It is designed for non-web * run-times. If false is returned, advanced-cache.php will never be loaded. * * @since 4.6.0 * * @param bool $enable_advanced_cache Whether to enable loading advanced-cache.php (if present). * Default true. */ if ( WP_CACHE && apply_filters( 'enable_loading_advanced_cache_dropin', true ) && file_exists( WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/advanced-cache.php' ) ) { // For an advanced caching plugin to use. Uses a static drop-in because you would only want one. include WP_CONTENT_DIR . '/advanced-cache.php'; // Re-initialize any hooks added manually by advanced-cache.php. if ( $wp_filter ) { $wp_filter = WP_Hook::build_preinitialized_hooks( $wp_filter ); } } // Define WP_LANG_DIR if not set. wp_set_lang_dir(); // Load early WordPress files. require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-list-util.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-token-map.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/formatting.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/meta.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/functions.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-meta-query.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-matchesmapregex.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-error.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/pomo/mo.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/l10n/class-wp-translation-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/l10n/class-wp-translations.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/l10n/class-wp-translation-file.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/l10n/class-wp-translation-file-mo.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/l10n/class-wp-translation-file-php.php'; /** * @since 0.71 * * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object. */ global $wpdb; // Include the wpdb class and, if present, a db.php database drop-in. require_wp_db(); /** * @since 3.3.0 * * @global string $table_prefix The database table prefix. */ $GLOBALS['table_prefix'] = $table_prefix; // Set the database table prefix and the format specifiers for database table columns. wp_set_wpdb_vars(); // Start the WordPress object cache, or an external object cache if the drop-in is present. wp_start_object_cache(); // Attach the default filters. require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/default-filters.php'; // Initialize multisite if enabled. if ( is_multisite() ) { require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-site-query.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-network-query.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/ms-blogs.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/ms-settings.php'; } elseif ( ! defined( 'MULTISITE' ) ) { define( 'MULTISITE', false ); } register_shutdown_function( 'shutdown_action_hook' ); // Stop most of WordPress from being loaded if SHORTINIT is enabled. if ( SHORTINIT ) { return false; } // Load the L10n library. require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/l10n.php'; require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-textdomain-registry.php'; require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-locale.php'; require_once ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-locale-switcher.php'; // Run the installer if WordPress is not installed. wp_not_installed(); // Load most of WordPress. require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-walker.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-ajax-response.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/capabilities.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-roles.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-role.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-user.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-query.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/query.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-date-query.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/theme.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-theme.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-theme-json-schema.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-theme-json-data.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-theme-json.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-theme-json-resolver.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-duotone.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/global-styles-and-settings.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-template-utils.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/theme-templates.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/theme-previews.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/https-detection.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/https-migration.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-user-request.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/user.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-user-query.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-session-tokens.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-user-meta-session-tokens.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/general-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/link-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/author-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/robots-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/post.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-walker-page.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-walker-page-dropdown.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-post-type.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-post.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/post-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/revision.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/post-formats.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/post-thumbnail-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/category.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-walker-category.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-walker-category-dropdown.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/category-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/comment.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-comment.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-comment-query.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-walker-comment.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/comment-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rewrite.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-rewrite.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/feed.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/bookmark.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/bookmark-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/kses.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/cron.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/deprecated.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/script-loader.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/taxonomy.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-taxonomy.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-term.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-term-query.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-tax-query.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/update.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/canonical.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/shortcodes.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/embed.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-embed.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-oembed.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-oembed-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/media.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/http.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/html5-named-character-references.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-attribute-token.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-span.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-text-replacement.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-decoder.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-tag-processor.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-unsupported-exception.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-active-formatting-elements.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-open-elements.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-token.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-stack-event.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-processor-state.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/html-api/class-wp-html-processor.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-http.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-http-streams.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-http-curl.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-http-proxy.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-http-cookie.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-http-encoding.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-http-response.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-http-requests-response.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-http-requests-hooks.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/widgets.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-widget.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-widget-factory.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/nav-menu-template.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/nav-menu.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/admin-bar.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-application-passwords.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/class-wp-rest-response.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-posts-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-attachments-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-global-styles-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-post-types-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-post-statuses-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-revisions-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-global-styles-revisions-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-template-revisions-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-autosaves-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-template-autosaves-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-taxonomies-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-terms-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-menu-items-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-menus-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-menu-locations-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-users-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-comments-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-search-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-blocks-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-block-types-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-block-renderer-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-settings-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-themes-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-plugins-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-block-directory-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-edit-site-export-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-pattern-directory-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-block-patterns-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-block-pattern-categories-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-application-passwords-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-site-health-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-sidebars-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-widget-types-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-widgets-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-templates-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-url-details-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-navigation-fallback-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-font-families-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-font-faces-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-font-collections-controller.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/fields/class-wp-rest-meta-fields.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/fields/class-wp-rest-comment-meta-fields.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/fields/class-wp-rest-post-meta-fields.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/fields/class-wp-rest-term-meta-fields.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/fields/class-wp-rest-user-meta-fields.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/search/class-wp-rest-search-handler.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/search/class-wp-rest-post-search-handler.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/search/class-wp-rest-term-search-handler.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/rest-api/search/class-wp-rest-post-format-search-handler.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sitemaps.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sitemaps/class-wp-sitemaps.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sitemaps/class-wp-sitemaps-index.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sitemaps/class-wp-sitemaps-provider.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sitemaps/class-wp-sitemaps-registry.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sitemaps/class-wp-sitemaps-renderer.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sitemaps/class-wp-sitemaps-stylesheet.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sitemaps/providers/class-wp-sitemaps-posts.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sitemaps/providers/class-wp-sitemaps-taxonomies.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/sitemaps/providers/class-wp-sitemaps-users.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-bindings-source.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-bindings-registry.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-editor-context.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-type.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-pattern-categories-registry.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-patterns-registry.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-styles-registry.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-type-registry.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-list.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-parser-block.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-parser-frame.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-parser.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-classic-to-block-menu-converter.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-navigation-fallback.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-bindings.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-bindings/pattern-overrides.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-bindings/post-meta.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/blocks.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/blocks/index.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-editor.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-patterns.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-block-supports.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/utils.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/align.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/custom-classname.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/generated-classname.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/settings.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/elements.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/colors.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/typography.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/border.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/layout.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/position.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/spacing.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/dimensions.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/duotone.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/shadow.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/background.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/block-supports/block-style-variations.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/style-engine.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/style-engine/class-wp-style-engine.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/style-engine/class-wp-style-engine-css-declarations.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/style-engine/class-wp-style-engine-css-rule.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/style-engine/class-wp-style-engine-css-rules-store.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/style-engine/class-wp-style-engine-processor.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/fonts/class-wp-font-face-resolver.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/fonts/class-wp-font-collection.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/fonts/class-wp-font-face.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/fonts/class-wp-font-library.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/fonts/class-wp-font-utils.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/fonts.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-script-modules.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/script-modules.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/interactivity-api/class-wp-interactivity-api.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/interactivity-api/class-wp-interactivity-api-directives-processor.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/interactivity-api/interactivity-api.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/class-wp-plugin-dependencies.php'; add_action( 'after_setup_theme', array( wp_script_modules(), 'add_hooks' ) ); add_action( 'after_setup_theme', array( wp_interactivity(), 'add_hooks' ) ); /** * @since 3.3.0 * * @global WP_Embed $wp_embed WordPress Embed object. */ $GLOBALS['wp_embed'] = new WP_Embed(); /** * WordPress Textdomain Registry object. * * Used to support just-in-time translations for manually loaded text domains. * * @since 6.1.0 * * @global WP_Textdomain_Registry $wp_textdomain_registry WordPress Textdomain Registry. */ $GLOBALS['wp_textdomain_registry'] = new WP_Textdomain_Registry(); $GLOBALS['wp_textdomain_registry']->init(); // Load multisite-specific files. if ( is_multisite() ) { require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/ms-functions.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/ms-default-filters.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/ms-deprecated.php'; } // Define constants that rely on the API to obtain the default value. // Define must-use plugin directory constants, which may be overridden in the sunrise.php drop-in. wp_plugin_directory_constants(); /** * @since 3.9.0 * * @global array $wp_plugin_paths */ $GLOBALS['wp_plugin_paths'] = array(); // Load must-use plugins. foreach ( wp_get_mu_plugins() as $mu_plugin ) { $_wp_plugin_file = $mu_plugin; include_once $mu_plugin; $mu_plugin = $_wp_plugin_file; // Avoid stomping of the $mu_plugin variable in a plugin. /** * Fires once a single must-use plugin has loaded. * * @since 5.1.0 * * @param string $mu_plugin Full path to the plugin's main file. */ do_action( 'mu_plugin_loaded', $mu_plugin ); } unset( $mu_plugin, $_wp_plugin_file ); // Load network activated plugins. if ( is_multisite() ) { foreach ( wp_get_active_network_plugins() as $network_plugin ) { wp_register_plugin_realpath( $network_plugin ); $_wp_plugin_file = $network_plugin; include_once $network_plugin; $network_plugin = $_wp_plugin_file; // Avoid stomping of the $network_plugin variable in a plugin. /** * Fires once a single network-activated plugin has loaded. * * @since 5.1.0 * * @param string $network_plugin Full path to the plugin's main file. */ do_action( 'network_plugin_loaded', $network_plugin ); } unset( $network_plugin, $_wp_plugin_file ); } /** * Fires once all must-use and network-activated plugins have loaded. * * @since 2.8.0 */ do_action( 'muplugins_loaded' ); if ( is_multisite() ) { ms_cookie_constants(); } // Define constants after multisite is loaded. wp_cookie_constants(); // Define and enforce our SSL constants. wp_ssl_constants(); // Create common globals. require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/vars.php'; // Make taxonomies and posts available to plugins and themes. // @plugin authors: warning: these get registered again on the init hook. create_initial_taxonomies(); create_initial_post_types(); wp_start_scraping_edited_file_errors(); // Register the default theme directory root. register_theme_directory( get_theme_root() ); if ( ! is_multisite() && wp_is_fatal_error_handler_enabled() ) { // Handle users requesting a recovery mode link and initiating recovery mode. wp_recovery_mode()->initialize(); } // Load active plugins. foreach ( wp_get_active_and_valid_plugins() as $plugin ) { wp_register_plugin_realpath( $plugin ); $_wp_plugin_file = $plugin; include_once $plugin; $plugin = $_wp_plugin_file; // Avoid stomping of the $plugin variable in a plugin. /** * Fires once a single activated plugin has loaded. * * @since 5.1.0 * * @param string $plugin Full path to the plugin's main file. */ do_action( 'plugin_loaded', $plugin ); } unset( $plugin, $_wp_plugin_file ); // Load pluggable functions. require ABSPATH . WPINC . '/pluggable.php'; require ABSPATH . WPINC . 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WP continues * to load on the {@see 'init'} hook that follows (e.g. widgets), and many plugins instantiate * themselves on it for all sorts of reasons (e.g. they need a user, a taxonomy, etc.). * * If you wish to plug an action once WP is loaded, use the {@see 'wp_loaded'} hook below. * * @since 1.5.0 */ do_action( 'init' ); // Check site status. if ( is_multisite() ) { $file = ms_site_check(); if ( true !== $file ) { require $file; die(); } unset( $file ); } /** * This hook is fired once WP, all plugins, and the theme are fully loaded and instantiated. * * Ajax requests should use wp-admin/admin-ajax.php. admin-ajax.php can handle requests for * users not logged in. * * @link https://developer.wordpress.org/plugins/javascript/ajax * * @since 3.0.0 */ do_action( 'wp_loaded' );

Working Together: Approaches to Multi-agent Collaboration in AI

AI Agents, Artificial Intelligence, Technology

Imagine a team of specialists – a data whiz, a communication expert, and an action master – all working in sync. This is the power of multi-agent collaboration, with the potential to revolutionize fields like scientific discovery, robotics, and self-driving cars. But getting these AI agents to collaborate effectively presents unique challenges

Multi-agent collaboration is a hot topic in AI research, aiming to get multiple AI agents to work together effectively. Imagine a team of specialists – a data whiz, a communication expert, and an action master – all working in sync. This is the power of multi-agent collaboration, with the potential to revolutionize fields like scientific discovery, robotics, and self-driving cars. But getting these AI agents to collaborate effectively presents unique challenges. It is a significant leap forward in AI, paving the way for intelligent teams that can tackle challenges beyond the grasp of individual agents. The future holds immense potential for this exciting area of research.

Tackling Teamwork in AI: MARL vs. Role-Based Collaboration

Multi-agent collaboration is a complex dance in the world of AI. Getting multiple AI agents to work together effectively requires overcoming challenges like communication, reward sharing, and scalability. Two main approaches have emerged to tackle these hurdles: Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) and Role-based Collaboration. Let’s explore how each method approaches the challenge of teamwork in AI:

Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL):

MARL takes inspiration from how we learn: through trial and error. Imagine a team of AI agents in a simulated environment. Here’s the core idea:

Learning by Doing: Each agent acts independently, taking actions and receiving rewards based on the overall team’s performance.
The Reward Challenge: Designing a reward system that incentivizes cooperation is crucial. Think of two agents – one for exploration, one for exploitation. A bad reward system might reward the exploiter who leverages the explorer’s work, hindering teamwork.
Shaping Cooperation: Researchers are developing sophisticated MARL algorithms to address this. Some approaches reward agents based on joint actions or the progress of the entire team, not just individual success.

Pros:

Flexibility: MARL is adaptable to various scenarios as agents learn through experience.
Scalability: In theory, MARL can handle a large number of agents learning concurrently.

Cons:

Complexity: Designing effective reward structures can be challenging, especially for complex tasks.
Unintended Consequences: Encouraging cooperation can lead to unforeseen behaviors as agents exploit loopholes in the reward system.

Role-based Collaboration:

This approach takes a more structured route, assigning specific roles to different agents. Think of a team with a leader, a follower, and a scout. Here’s how it works:

Predefined Roles: Agents are assigned specific roles based on their strengths and the overall task. This simplifies communication as each agent knows what’s expected.
Challenges: Assigning roles effectively and adapting to changing situations is crucial. Imagine a firefighting scenario where the “leader” agent gets disabled. Can the team dynamically adapt roles?

Pros:

Clarity: Predefined roles make communication and coordination easier.
Efficiency: Agents can specialize in tasks they’re good at, potentially leading to better performance.

Cons:

Limited Adaptability: Predefined roles might not be suitable for all situations.
Scalability: Assigning roles effectively becomes more complex with a large number of agents.

The Future of Teamwork in AI

Both MARL and Role-based Collaboration offer valuable tools for tackling multi-agent collaboration. Looking ahead, we can expect:

Hybrid Approaches: Combining the strengths of both methods for more complex tasks.
Communication Protocols: Developing robust communication methods that allow agents to share information and intentions effectively.
Scalable Teamwork: Creating algorithms that can handle large teams of agents working together seamlessly.

The future of AI is increasingly collaborative. By addressing the challenges of multi-agent collaboration, we pave the way for intelligent teams capable of tackling challenges beyond the grasp of individual agents.

Case Studies: Putting Multi-agent Collaboration to the Test

Multi-agent collaboration (MAC) is moving from theory to reality. Here are a couple of case studies showcasing how researchers are putting MARL and role-based collaboration to the test:

Case Study 1: Cooperative Multi-Drone Delivery (MARL Approach)

The Challenge: Deliver packages efficiently using a team of drones.
The Approach: Researchers employed MARL with a team of drone agents. Each drone learned through trial and error in a simulated environment.
The Reward System: The reward system considered factors like successful deliveries, time taken, and avoiding collisions.
The Results: The team of drone agents learned to collaborate effectively, navigating obstacles, avoiding collisions, and delivering packages efficiently. This highlights the potential of MARL for complex tasks requiring real-time coordination.

Case Study 2: Search and Rescue Robots (Role-based Approach)

The Challenge: Design a team of robots to locate survivors in a disaster zone.
The Approach: Researchers implemented a role-based system. One robot acted as a leader, coordinating the team. Others acted as scouts, exploring the environment, while others focused on rescuing survivors.
Dynamic Roles: The system allowed for dynamic role assignment. If the leader robot became disabled, another robot could take over.
The Results: The team of robots successfully located and rescued survivors in the simulated disaster zone. This demonstrates the effectiveness of role-based collaboration for tasks requiring adaptation and defined expertise.

Key Takeaways:

These case studies showcase the potential of both MARL and role-based collaboration. The choice of approach depends on the specific task and environment.

As research progresses, we can expect to see even more innovative applications of multi-agent collaboration in various fields, from self-driving cars navigating traffic to robots working together in manufacturing plants. The future of AI is collaborative, and these case studies offer a glimpse into the exciting possibilities that lie ahead.

The future of multi-agent collaboration (MAC) in AI is brimming with potential, promising to revolutionize how AI agents work together to tackle complex problems. Here’s a glimpse into what the coming years might hold:

Rise of Hybrid Approaches:

Researchers are likely to move beyond viewing MARL and role-based collaboration as separate approaches. Instead, we can expect a rise in hybrid models that combine the strengths of both. Imagine a scenario where agents first learn through MARL to understand the overall task and then dynamically adopt roles based on the situation. This flexibility could lead to more robust and adaptable teams.

Enhanced Communication Protocols:

Effective communication is paramount for successful teamwork. We can expect significant advancements in communication protocols for AI agents. This might involve developing standardized languages for agents to share information, intentions, and observations clearly. Imagine self-driving cars seamlessly communicating with each other to avoid accidents and optimize traffic flow.

Tackling Scalability Challenges:

Currently, managing large teams of collaborating agents presents a challenge. Future research will likely focus on developing scalable algorithms that can effectively coordinate a vast number of agents. This could involve advancements in distributed learning techniques, where agents learn collaboratively even without centralized control.

Human-Agent Collaboration:

The future of AI is likely to be one where humans and AI agents work together. Multi-agent collaboration research will likely integrate methods for seamless human interaction with these teams of AI agents. This could involve developing intuitive interfaces for humans to monitor, guide, and collaborate with these intelligent teams.

Real-World Applications:

The potential applications of multi-agent collaboration are vast and span various industries. Here are a few exciting possibilities:

Scientific Discovery: Teams of AI agents could analyze massive datasets, propose hypotheses, and even design experiments, accelerating scientific progress.
Logistics and Manufacturing: Collaborative robots could work together in factories or warehouses, handling complex tasks and optimizing production processes.
Disaster Response: Teams of AI-powered drones and robots could work together in disaster zones, searching for survivors, clearing debris, and providing aid.
Self-Driving Cars: Cars using multi-agent collaboration could navigate complex road situations, communicate with each other to avoid accidents, and optimize traffic flow for entire cities.

The Road Ahead

The future of multi-agent collaboration is brimming with possibilities. By overcoming challenges like communication and scalability, AI researchers are paving the way for intelligent teams capable of achieving remarkable feats. As AI agents learn to work together effectively, the potential for innovation and progress across various fields is truly exciting.

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Working Together: Approaches to Multi-agent Collaboration in AI

Tackling Teamwork in AI: MARL vs. Role-Based Collaboration

The Future of Teamwork in AI

Case Studies: Putting Multi-agent Collaboration to the Test

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